The most successful stage effects and language techniques used to create dramatic tension Essay Example for Free

The most successful stage put ups and phraseology techniques accustomd to create prominent tension attemptIntroductionMacbeth is at first seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to his King, he and the King have a close relationship, the King loves him closely like a son. So, why should he mutilate the man who thinks so fondly of him? I believe Macbeth to be an intelligent man but he is corrupted, by his own ambition, greed and by his wife Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth initially appears as a kind wife but we soon victimize underneath lies a scheming and manipulative woman. We see Lady Macbeth take control of the situation as Macbeths weaknesses begin to unfold. Macbeths character dramatically changes as this characterization progresses as the realization of what he has done dawns on him, he becomes more and anxious and hysterical, everything troubles himWhence is that knocking? How ist with me, when every noise appalls me?The scene begins with Lady Macbeth apprehensivel y waiting for her husbands return, tension is created because we are unable to see or hear Macbeths actions. This is an example of Shakespeares skill with stagecraft. Lady Macbeth pretends to be in control of the situation when in actual fact she is far from in control. This is given away by her reaction to An automobile horn Shrieks Hark, peaceIt was the owl that striekd, the fatal bellman.Which gives the sternst good-night. He is about it.The honorable of the owl is a simple but effective stage effect, creating tension. This is because the owl shrieks symbolised the night watchman who would ring the bell outside the cells of prisoners condemned to death. A 16th carbon audience would have been recognised what Shakespeare meant, creating an image in peoples minds building up more suspense within the exemplify. Lady Macbeth also saysI heard the owl scream and the crickets cryCrickets were also believed by the Elizabethans to be the messenger of death, which is a nonher effective stagecraft using imagery. I believe the mention of the owl also symbolises darkness, as the owl is a creature of the night, giving the scene a darker more chilling edge.Macbeth crys outWhos there? What ho?This offstage noise leaves the audience persuasion that Macbeth has been caught Shakespeare uses monosyllabic language in this acknowledgment to enhance the feelings of urgency and panic, which is a good use of language to create dramatic tension. Lady Macbeth does not right away see her husband, this could be because of the imagery of darkness or maybe because Macbeth enters elsewhere. She hears his cry and doubts him she thinks he has disturbed someoneAlack, Im afraid they have awakd,And tis not done thattempt and not the deedConfounds us. Hark I laid their daggers ready,He could not miss em.There is urgency and panic in her speech and a sense of desperation, this creates dramatic tension for the audience as you can feel Lady Macbeths worry.Macbeths anxiety prevents him from go ing back to the scene of the murder Ill go no more.I am afraid to think what I have doneLook ont again, I dare not.Lady Macbeth shows here frustration (anxiety) at Macbeths attitude and takes the daggers from Macbeth rickety of purposeGive me the daggers. The sleeping and the deadAre but pictures tis the eye of childhoodThat fears a painted devil.It is obvious from this quote that Lady Macbeth is angry with Macbeth, she is in a rage, probably because she to struggling to stay in control of the situation and because the thought of them both being discovered scares her. She is however under the infuence of alcohol, so has courage That which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold to take the daggers back. She views Macbeth as being week minded and childish.This allows Shakespeare to take Lady Macbeth from the stage and create another stage effect leaving Macbeth to become even more hysterical. He is standing in the courtyard where anyone could catch him generating more tension. Then t here is a knock at the gate, which makes the already jumpy Macbeth even worseWhence is that knocking?How ist with me, when every noise appals me?The knocking gives the audience reader a feeling that the discovery of the murder is only being delayed by Macbeths anxious talk.What hands are here? Ha they pluck out mine eyes.Will all large neptunes ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand?No this my hand will ratherThe multitudinous seas incarnadine,Making the green one red.In this quote Shakespeare applies the imagery blood. This has connotations of treason, guilt, murder and death. Macbeth wants to cleanse his hands from the blood to rid him of any evidence connecting him to the murder and perhaps clear his troubled mind. Also the punctuation Shakespeare uses makes Macbeth search even more troubled as he talks to him self. The use of colons makes it seem as if Macbeth is having an argument within himself almost verging on schizophrenia.Shakespeares use of language and structure mana ges to create tension throughout this act. He manages to gradually build up stage effects and language little by little, increasing the use of monosyllabic language and imagery taking the reader/audience on a roller coaster of emotions. His use of language and effects in the right places helps the characters and the play to become really believable. I believe this scene is designed with the sole intention of creating tension and to make the reader/audience believe the Macbeth will be caught, creating dramatic tension for the acts which follow.

Sport Utility Vehicle and Porsche Essay Example for Free

Sport Utility Vehicle and Porsche Essay1. Do you think Porsche had to go through the wargon market of motorcars and SUV? Did she stupefy other options at the time described in the Case? Based on an analysis of advantages and disadvantages What would you recommend the same point in time? We go forth use hall porters pull ins imitate to consider the photogenicness of the harvest-home market entry of vehicles Luxury SUVs. Existing competitors most of the market sh are the SUV, the Porsche is in particular the coupled States. In 1998, on that point is fierce contention in the SUV in the U. S..Beyond that, the much delicate segmentation of the merchandise to market SUV Luxury cars, there is competition between the slow-wittedness of competitors. Total power of existing competitors is very postgraduate. Suppliers suppliers can be divided into both types of Porsche. The first type that supplies workers (Labor) and the other is external and split manufacturing compan ies. The first type of power supplies working up to the geographic location of the factory workers organizations that exist there. The second type of supplier power is weak fair to middling that you can switch between suppliers easily.Vision to take the case where vendors positioned themselves near the vehicle companies factories (p. 7 paragraph 1). Total staff strength depending on space, and comes as part of the consideration in choosing a graft. Total external product companies and power low power medium. Customers customers love the post Porsche identify it with quality and prestige. as well as cognise from surveys that customers expect of a Porsche SUV car. Target customers are willing to pay in advance to get a brand identified with quality and prestige, fleck Porsche will provide a quality car, not much bargaining power customers.Total power of customers low. Substitute products product substitution is a affright to SUV, is an increase trend of cost-effective sm all car consumes less fuel. It comes in a green trend, coupled with expectations of a rise in fuel prices could be a consideration to move from car-efficient SUV. However, we do not believe that the clientele of the Luxury SUV affected by intentional, that he had no financial problems, and aim extravagance car is a statement. Total power of substitute products low.Potential competitors the entry barriers to product market luxury SUV vehicles very difficult. First need to know, instrumentation engineering, follow through, a high equity to a new party enter the field. Secondly, it is hard to believe that customers will buy luxury cars from a company with no experience and reputation, so the chances of a new company to enter the luxury car market is very low. So the main risk is the potential competitors are companies from afterward visits to that product market.Likely that companies that are market vehicles, but not the luxury cars market, is likely to rally, but the transition from a mass action company brand luxury brand, is not trivial. However, even here we must have a reputation for quality and prestige, build brand and therefore not suitable for grownup company for mass production of cars can enter the field. The companies are a affright because weve listed competitors already exist. Total power of potential competitors is estimated very low.After examining the Porter by market forces, more than can be wisely decide on the attractiveness of the product market is cars Luxury SUVs. Weighting the forces, we can assure that there is such a risk at the entrance to the market, but entering the market the SUV, which is considered the most attractive intentness, can top to tremendous reaping in profits and the ability to Porsche. The company can use this market as leverage business growth, which could also contribute to establishing its position also on Porsches core business luxury sports cars.In our opinion, as long as the Porsche will provide a l uxurious SUV with car performance without compromising quality, product market is attractive. Other alternatives that were to Porsche that point in time were available to the market the Sedans, the market entry Minivans or remain in the current particular. The first two alternatives are denied pretty quickly at the same time, the reasons that SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) is more appropriate product to Porsche than a luxurious family car or small motortruck of the type with the height and dimensions not sports. These cars less fit your companys image, so the better option faces the SUV.The third option of staying in the current situation constitutes a threat to herself, aiming to grow where there is no company, and a growing competitive market and not really backed away. Moreover, the product market Luxury SUVs, is pretty attractive based on analysis of Porters forces. In light of the above states that the most attractive alternatives in our opinion are the product market Luxury SUVs, or focus on core business of Porsche, which is expected to rise in the competition (another reference to the section on threats SWOT). SWOT analysis will seduce a testimonial to give a couple of alternatives to choose. Opportunities* Segment the SUV most profitable industry on the 1990s. * Demand for SUVs, especially the U. S. , increasing with the years. In particular, is known to Porsche from surveys that customers are waiting for the companys SUV model. * Porsche segment sees the SUV as an opportunity to balance the risks of exchange rate of the deutsche mark (and future rate), relative to the U. S. dollar. Threats * Damage to reputation and image of the Porsche, as a manufacturer of luxury sports cars and high-quality. * Some officials question the attractiveness of the segment the SUV, when there are forecasts for the small cars more economical fuel.* Sensitive to currency changes in the American market. * Product market in the crowded SUV. Estimated product market 2 million units. When in the category of the SUV has only one SUV estimated over 100,000 DM. * in that respect are at increased assessments on Porsches core business. Audi intends to produce a car with similar qualities to Boxster, but the raze price (about 15%). * The competition in the market Luxury SUVs, which is controlled by the dominant Asian players Toyota, Honda, Nissan Omitesobishi Luxury SUVs models have provided the linked States, Cadillac plans to spend its own model in 1999.* SUV performance and agility are not linked, that characterize the Porsche. * U. S. high tax forcing companies to buy more U. S. products (primarily related to production). Strengths * To Porsche has a number of key strengths in manufacturing cars Chassis, Performance, Design. * Wendelin Wieddking Director of estimated industry in Germany. make a revolution at Porsche, and led her declining success. (See Appendices, making New Leadership). * Following transformation Porsches financial situatio n stable in 1998. * Porsche brand is very immobile and linked prestige. Weaknesses* Porsche is a small company in the industry, and castment for the entry segment high SUV (a sum of about $ 550 million). The failure model the SUV can lead to the collapse of the Porsche. * If and Porsche enter segment the SUV, then a Luxury segment, a product that targets a very limited market. After making SWOT analysis, our recommendation is to enter the market product of Luxury SUVs, aiming to market demand and have product in question. The Porsche is a strong and reputable company that can come through in our opinion, also new, and think Porsche SUV can make a car luxurious quality you can get to market.In such a situation is a high profit potential, opportunity and growth strengthening the company. 2. Because of the success of the Boxster, the main production plant of Porsche at Stuttgart-Zuffenhausen headquarters located near the plaque was working close to exceeding its capacity. Where do you think has put a new factory to build a model the SUV? How important is production workers in Germany (Made in Germany) for the new model? First well intercourse about the pros and cons of new model production in Germany than any other countrys production.Then talk about the advantages and disadvantages of apiece state, and last-placely be the best bet where to place the new plant. If so, the benefits of the production model SUV in Germany are * Maintaining the reputation of the Porsche, and a product Made in Germany. * Supervision of the finished product. Disadvantages of manufacturing in Germany * Uncertainty regarding how the dollar rate moves probably expected a weak euro. * Higher costs in Germany. * Restrictions stemming from the model in Germany social market economy that encourages social unity, but increases production costs.* Higher minimum wage. * Unions are strong. * Number of hours per year in Germany and subvert than any other developed country. Foreign manuf acturing advantages * Can be said world(a)ly that the lower ram cost than the other possible states (we shall refer more in detail below). * Some countries are located geographically or by the market with high demand (eg production in the U. S. or Mexico) or from a central location in the area easily can be exportinged (eg Czech democracy). * Foreign production was not hit so outlying(prenominal) in society between 60 to 80 cars a year produced 911 model 1995 in Mexico.In addition to the Boxster in Finland also successfully produced. Disadvantages of overseas production * Limited control over the finished product the company is more difficult to control the finished product is also sending engineers and production of foreign plants. * The product is Made in Germany it is mainly branding. To many people the fact that production is carried out in Germany attests to the quality and standards (listed next most prominent). brand of the Made in Germany, giving the client a state ment, and reduces the risk for unsuccessful product selection.* Culture and mental work in different countries around the humankind there are cultural differences, mentality about work. Several countries in the world is hard to meticulous standards of the German culture is known worldwide. In our opinion, when considering the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing model of the SUV, especially in light of the work that is known that only 70% of Porsche cars produced in Germany today, it seems that the lucrative outsourcing company. However, the need to examine in depth each country, to an positive decision where to place the plant.Model production alternatives the SUV in other regions are Finland, East Germany, South East Europe and North America. We will examine the advantages and disadvantages of each of the alternatives. Finnish company Valmet Benefits (p. 8 paragraph 3) * Rapid manufacturing (Fastest ramp-up) this is due to two main reasons. The first is the Finnish plan t among the best on the market failed to take in the fast rhythms on the production and issue of production systems. The second reason is the introduction of the company Porsche factory, good infrastructure based in part on the production model of the Boxster.* Risk of new model production plant Finland is the lowest among all available options to produce other model plants. * Proven production capability good reputation in the market. Weaknesses * The Finnish company Valmet dependency it is not just a single provider who can do pass with Porsche, but also that the companys image and success depend on performance of Valmet, which outside the control of the company. East Germany Strengths * Stamp of Made in Germany remains. * Cheaper labor force west of Germany in 1991 average wages in East Germany was 46. 7% of average wage in West Germany (p. 9 paragraph 4).* City of Leipzig door to two large ants, a new international airport, a long history of industrial production and insti tutions of higher education. Weaknesses * Wages are still relatively high compared to other countries. * An experienced workforce is trained in export-oriented market. With respect to West Germany, East workforce is less skilled. In 1991, average productivity in East Germany is 31% of output in the West (p. 9 paragraph 4). * East Germanys infrastructure in poor condition. * The economic situation of East Germany was difficult, and to mete out with inflation and the bank had set a high interest rate.All these difficulties had led to Germany to compete in export products. Slovakia Strengths * Cheap labor. * Cooperation with Volkswagen VW company will invest about 657 million cooperation. * One of the leading countries in the production of cars in Central and Eastern Europe. * Good location just an hour from Vienna. * Transport in the car industry. Weaknesses * Identification of the company Porsche with Volkswagen Company, which is a form of mass production of cars and SUV vehicles selling at lower prices than the Porsche. Czech Republic Strengths * Relatively speaking labor cheap, trained and educated.Labor costs on average they are roughly about 10% of costs in western Germany. In 1998 the automobile industry in the Czech Republic there are approximately 4 dollars an hour (page 11 paragraph 2). * Tradition of manufacturing in the country. * Investment from foreign countries. * footing markets in East Central Europe. * A good basis for export the location of the Czech Republic allows export to European countries including Russia. * Relative to neighboring countries has a developed infrastructure, and density of cars and vendors. * Long hours 40 hour work week. Weaknesses* Low product quality damage the reputation of Porsche excellence, and on behalf of the company created the best in its field. * In 1997, chthonianmined political and economic situation * GDP fell to 1. 2%. * Corona Czech has lost 21% of its value against the U. S. dollar. * Apart from investments (FDI) declined from $ 2. 5 million by 1995 to 1. 3 billion by 1997. * British rating company lowered the credit rating of the Czech Republic. * Many international companies had transferred their investments from the Czech Republic to other countries a trend that could itself cause a crisis or worse. North America USA.Strengths * Location United States the main market segment of the car the SUV is the United States. U. S. factory location eliminates the U. S. export costs (taxes, etc. ), and lower transport costs meanings. In addition, the U. S. is a superpower economically and existing transportation routes to export from the United States to other countries. * U. S. demand for parts made German cars the vehicles most of the market the SUV is the U. S.. Demand for U. S. made parts creates restrictions on the company Porsche, which can be avoided if the company will open its U. S. manufacturing plant (p. 12 paragraph 1).* German companies are strong working relationsh ips in the U. S. market April 1998, more Americans were working under the German companies or companies with partial ownership of German companies than any other country in the world. * Trend of other companies to open factories in the U. S. Monitoring the general trend of other companies in the industry can be profitable to keep up. Power production of many U. S. companies can create a density of carriers in the region, which can lower costs. Weaknesses* American consumers prefer European cars (page 11 paragraph 6). * Previous German attempts to create a U. S.cars are inconclusive although there were several cases of success such as the BMW in the U. S. , but the relatively high number of failures. This fact testifies to the difficulties in establishing a factory in the U. S. and that the plant may flop in the U. S.. Relative to other countries where higher chance of success This is a significant disadvantage. What is the importance of production workers in Germany? In our opini on, the particular importance of production workers in Germany is the quality. People are willing to buy the Porsche brand, though more expensive priced brand aimed at competing with the quality and performance linked.If product quality is not reduced due to over production in another country, so we think there will be no harm for the new model. In addition, the new model is a segment of the SUVs, which advance the industry in another category, that is not in the same segment of sports cars. Sports cars are more expensive quality category What SUV, which is another factor that lowers the importance of production of the SUV in Germany. All of these factors we recommend Finland as new destination for the origination of the Porsche factory. Finland guaranteed quality and quick production of a European country vehicles.In addition to existing working relationships between the Porsche to Valmet, easy decision making. We believe the final product quality level as good finish productio n in West Germany, but European stamp will remain on the product, and that no unnecessary risks that could affect the company reputation model make it difficult for manufacturing production workers initially controversial. Summarize the history of a director Porsche training to increase production This increase could only come in Finland. 3. Is the product of the transition to market cars the Porsche SUV stays line up to the brand that built?What does the Porsche brand faithfulness in 1998? First of all we describe the Porsche brand and its customers. Brand Porsche as we have noted previously identified with quality, prestige, performance and design. These characteristics allow the product contempt its high production costs take a high premium and still make a profit. This fact is that customers who buy Porsche does not see the car just a mobile transport them from point to point. A customer buys a Porsche statement on the actual operation Lifestyle and money. Porsche cars for 1998 are to sports cars, which reliance the rich clients garage along with other cars.Terrible entrance to the market the SUV, hes turning its customers high- pose class (as opposed to high), can create damage to the companys image. Customers who bought a Porsche sports cars so far, may fear that they will be identified now with a lower-class population, since part of buying Porsche is a statement you are a high economic status. In this situation, the company can go bald on both sides aiming high class customers will be another competitor to the company not be identified with a lower class, upper middle class customers will move to competitors, aiming they offer a similar product prices and lower prices.However, we think that customers are aware of the separation between the two. After all, this is the end all cars are different categories automotive industry. We think Porsche can stay true to the brand sports cars built for the market without the SUV hit it. To do this, it must co ntinue the production of sports cars in those factories so far. In addition to press them to state and / or a strong point of sale market sports cars that make them eccentric techniques in those factories as it was before, and these actions should prevent the passage of the high economic status it was aimed at competing product as before.Implementation of the above will make differentiation between the sports cars to SUVs, so stay brand loyalty Porsche sports car market. Market the Porsche SUVs for the middle class to prove that although it was higher was last inferior category of Porsche sports cars, luxury vehicles are still a non-unique design and performance models of the world competing companies. Creating differentiation is ordered with creating a model the non-SUV factories in Germany.In our opinion, as long as good product quality will be maintained and a unique design characterized to develop loyalty to the Porsche model the SUV. It directed that a different customer segm ent than the segments customers of Porsche sports cars, and directs that the other vehicle category. So we believe that Porsche has remained loyal to the brand built, and that means brand loyalty Porsche in 1998, entering the market before the SUVs, primarily evident in the strength of the brand associated with luxury, quality, design, performance and lifestyle.

Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment

Hazard Identification and Risk AssessmentOil and gas exploration and production activities urinate increase tremendously as petroleum has become the backb bingle of the worlds economy. The industry has expanded significantly throughout the world.As the rock oil and gas industry enlarges throughout the world, its impacts on lives and environment concord been appalling. Numerous sp calamitys, fires, toxic emissions, blowouts and personnel injuries have been recorded in recent times in the oil industry. The most recent one is the Macondo disaster with its tragic loss of life, devastating impact on the Gulf Coast and financial loss to the companies involved.Culpable companies have lost billions of dollars imputable to lawsuits, compensations and oil spill clean-ups. This has led to some oil companies collapsing and others suffering credibility loss in the industry.Concerns about how HSE flaws be killing people, damaging properties, polluting the environment and killing condescension es have been raised by stakeholders, workers and the general public.New reforms have been make with regulators making HSE a air case for companies more especially small-to middling- surface companies. Managers of these small to ordinary companies must have a company policy of achieving environmental and business goals through HSE. Legislation should be made with full compliance by some(prenominal) employers and employees.There should be performance monitoring and continual improvement in these policies. However, the success of whichever process or system in place still hinges on the attitudes and behaviours of people in the company health safety Executive, 2011.This report elaborates on the need to incorporate HSE into business and describes how good HSE centering system could be implemented by small- to medium- sized oil businesses.1.0 IntroductionThe major aim of employing HSE in business is to take advanced precautions a puckerst workplace mishaps, environmental impacts a s well as financial losings due to accidents and environmental pollutions.A companys attitude towards HSE affects the workforce, surrounding environment and business productivity.The decision to integrate HSE into business is a high level policy billing of a company. Many businesses adopted this tool and have made tremendous gains. It is on this premises that this report seeks to highlight the need for small- to medium- size oil companies to inccorparate HSE into business irrespective of the cost. The report also describes how HSE management systems could be implemented.Small-to medium-sized companies should not see spending money on HSE as expensive add on to companys reckon but a profitable investment.These companies should forecast the benefits that could be reaped in future. This analysis will give an opportunity to comp atomic number 18 the financial costs involved in the implementation of HSE management systems and benefits reaped after implementation.The method of HSE imple mentation should be understandable and practical to all the people that atomic number 18 affected by these systems. An important necessity is that, the management systems at all levels must be clearly defined in a written document that is available to all.2.0 DiscussionSmall to medium size Oil Companies should integrate HSE into business as bottom-line of business success. Managers must first consider the economic influence that accidents and environmental pollutions have on the business before taking this decision.2.1 bes versus BenefitManagers have to analyse how much it will cost the business to introduce HSE management system and the cost of accident or environmental pollution if it occurred.The cost of implementing HSE management systems could be high. Indeed running a good HSE systems come with high costs. These costs should be seen as investment but not liabilities because the business turns to gain greatly if the objectives of running such systems are achieved.Cost and b enefit analysis on the implementation of HSE management systems will always prove that safety is good business Offshore Contractors Association, 20032.2 Objectives of HSE in BusinessHSE is incorporated into business with the aim ofA safer working environmentbetter morale and motivation amongst workersA healthier working environmentIncreased performance levelsAvoiding civil claims, court fines and litigationsReducing insurance costReducing disease and accidentsReducing impacts to the environment.Improving public imageIncreasing growthConforming to standards and regulations in the industry.OCA, 20032.3 health, preventive and Environment Management SystemHSE Management systems ensure that HSE issues are systematically identified, controlled and monitored within the business.2.4 PolicyProper HSE management require an HSE policy statement, stating the companys commitment to the health and safety of workers as well the environment. Management must show up high commitment to this frame work, setting HSE in perspective with business objectives.The policy statement should serve as the foundation for the implementation of the HSE management system. It should be the cornerstone of any HSE decisions and marchs.Employers and employees must understand this framework and what is require of them in order to realise the business targets. To make the HSE policy effective, management and employees must be unravel to it. The policy statement should outline the obligations and answerability of management and supervisors as well as employees. The policy must be subjected to continual review.HSE program has to be authentic to meet the objectives and commitments of the HSE policy.2.5 Hazards Identification and Risk AssessmentTo ensure that HSE becomes a business culture, management must develop structures and systems which are intended to control risk of exposure found on hazard identification and risk assessment.Anything or practices that have the potential to harm life, h ealth, environment and properties should be identified. Some hazards are easily identifiable because they are common to the industry where as others are not.Managers must involve the employees in the hazards identification because they are the people which are affected directly by these hazards. They should postulate from them which of the machines, equipment, procedures and practices endanger their lives. They should also consult environmental specialists to know which of their actions and operations pose dangers to the environment.Managers should check through workplace accident records to find out which of the companys operations have been causing injuries and fatalities over the years.Identified hazards must be assessed to know the seriousness of each one of them and measures to control these hazards should be decided. Controlling the risks associated with these identified hazards, reduce ill health and accidents at the work place.Managers and employees should continually look f or hazards at the workplace because some hazards are only discovered with time such as sicknesses caused by long- term exposure to certain radiations and chemicals. The hazards discovered must be ranked as be High, Medium or Low to know the best action to take in each case.2.6 Risk Management and ImplementationMeasures have to be adopted to get rid of hazards or minimize them. For example if risk involves hazardous chemicals, it should be replaced with an alternative chemical less harmful. In other cases, the use of alternative work methods, design improvements, change of process can erase the risk.Management should involve employees in the entire process of risk management. They should ask workers of any possible solution before it is implemented. They should check that, the measures taking do not cause any impertinent unforeseen hazards.2.7 Measuring performanceThe degree of success of the HSE management systems should be established. Management should evaluate the systems to k now if the objectives of implementation is being realised. Performance measuring would help management to collect and analyse training about flaws in the HSE management systems.Injuries and accidents should be investigated thoroughly to know their cause. Measures should be made to prevent such accidents and injuries from occurring again.Management should make sure there is regular check on safety equipment to make sure all these are work well. If a flaw is detected in any of the safety equipment, it should be repaired or replaced with a new one.2.8 Reviewing performance and auditingAuditing gives management the opportunity to collect information on the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of the HSE management system. Auditing enable management to ensure that companys policy is being carried out and the desired impact is being made.There should be regular auditing to assess the systems to know the level of success chalk with the implementation of the system. Any poor practise uncovered should be dealt with.3.0 Justification/Benefits of HSEIt really makes a good business sense to invest in HSE initiatives because the returns are enormous. HSE initiatives protect business from financial losses linked to safety and environmental problems. Lawsuits or fines emanating from accidents are avoided. Such cost can impose an enormous burden on the business.For example, HSE mismanagement led to the death of 15 workers and 108 people in the march 2005, Texas metropolis refinery blast. The CBSs,2007 investigation report highlighted safety culture, regulatory oversight, process safety metrics and human factor as the main cause of the disaster. The report also states that Cost cutting and failure to invest in the 1990s by Amoco and then BP left the Texas City refinery vulnerable to a catastrophe National Wildlife Federations report, 2010Many businesses which suffer major accidents struggle to remain in business and usually end up collapsing or trading their assets off. The Texas Refinery after the blast struggled to come back to operation due to huge financial burden on the company. Eventually, the refinery was sold to Marathon Petroleum Corporation in October 2012. guard duty and health of workers yield quality output which translates to higher productivity and profit because lost work time due to sick leaves, absenteeism is significantly reduced.HSE in business increases morale of workers because if workers do not encounter browse accidents at workplace, it motivates them to give their best output. Contrary, they will adopt a lukewarm attitude towards work if injuries are common in their working environment. Most workers would move to other companies because they feel unsafe. Company may lose competent workers and will impact negatively on productivity.There is also a reputation gain associated with good HSE records leading to business growth. A good reputation invites and retains clients. It makes a company enjoy repeat business from existing clients and also win new contracts ahead of their competitors.4.0 ConclusionSmall to medium sized oil companies in their attempt to grow business to a larger one should make Health, Safety and Environment initiatives, the prime item on their list of initiatives to achieve business goals.They should be concerned with the health and safety of workforce as well as the impacts the business makes on the environment, because the occurrence of a major accident would be detrimental.The financial consequences of an accident coupled with the associated business disruption could force a forbidding burden on the company. Some larger companies have suffered this in the past and could not survive.If any smaller company thinks, integrating and managing HSE systems in business is expensive, allow them try accidents.Small to medium sized oil companies should know that prevention of accidents and pollutions is not only better but cheaper than cure.WORD COUNT 1,820ReferencesALLAN, J.H., 1999. Healt h and Safety at Work. Fifth edition. Leicestershire IOSH and IOSH Services Limited.WATERHOUSE P.,2002. Health and safety Risk Management. second edition. Leicestershire IOSH Services Limited.OFFSHORE CONTRACTING ASSOCIATION, 2003. Guidance Notes of Good Contracting Practice- HSE Guidance for SMEs.online.Aberdeen OCA. on hand(predicate) from http/www.ocainternet.com/publications/HSEguidanceforSMEs.pdf Accessed 14 November 2012.GREENSTREET, B., 2004. The development of case studies that demonstrate the business benefit of effective management of occupational health and safety Research report 249,.online. Reading Health Safety Executive. Available from http/www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr249.pdf Accessed 12th November 2012CHEMICAL SAFETY BOARD, 2007. Investigation Report-refinery explosion and fire.Reportno.2005-04-I-TX. online. Texas CSBAvailable fromhttp/www.csb.gov/assets/documents/CSBFinalReportBP.pdf. Assessed 10th November 2012.NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDRATION, 2010. Assault on Ameri ca A disco biscuit of Petroleum Company Disaster, Pollution and Profit. online. US NWF Available from http/www.motherjones.com/files/NWF_OilSpillsExplosions_pages.pdf Accessed 19 November 2012.HEALTH SAFETY EXECUTIVE, 2011. Huntsman Petrochemical.online UK HSE. Available fromhttp/www.hse.gov.uk/business/casestudy/huntsman.htm Accessed 20 November 2012.HEALTH SAFETY AND EXECUTIVE, 2011. Health and Safety made simple- The basics for your business. online. UKHSE.Available fromhttp/www.hse.gov.uk/simple-health-safety/ Accessed 30 October 2012.MARATHON PETROLEUM CORPORATION, 2012. Marathon Petroleum to purchase BPs Texas City Refinery online OhioMPC.Available fromhttp//www.marathonpetroleum.com/News/Press_Releases/Press_Release/?id=1742579Accessed second November 2012

Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Crime Prevention finished Environmental see (CPTED)Crime Prevention by Environmental visualize is a method of deterring unlawful conduct through deliberately engineering the setting in which abhorrence is likely to be perpetrated. In this regard, Crime Prevention through and through Environmental Design is a multidisciplinary approach to prevent whitlow behavior through environmental introduction (Atlas, 2008). CPTED tactics and strategies depend on the ability to bullshit the criminals choices that precede the disgust. Importantly, to achieve deterrence effects of criminal behavior, CPTED strategies have been designed on the basis that they can influence offenders decision in regard to committing offense which precedes criminal acts. The essence of CPTED approach is under bloodd by Angel (1968) suggestion that evil settings can be influenced by the creation or elimination of boundaries, decreasing or increasing accessibility, de threadating territories and through enhancing surveillance by the police and citizenry. Therefore, CPTED can be seen as an approach to problem solving that takes into account the environmental conditions and the opportunities they offer for criminal behavior occurrence (Cornish and Clarke 1986). Thereafter, it utilizes those perceived opportunities responsible for causing crimes to control access, provide opportunity to see and to be seen and defines ownership while encouraging territory guardianship (Luedtke et al, 1970)CPTED uses a multiplicity of disciplines to foresee the offenders mindset and hence create an environment that deters criminal behavior. Crowe (2000) reports that the central exet used to arrive at the strategies is the analysis of crime and the environment where it occur using an analytic question why here. Furthermore, such analyses have proved that crimes are specific and situational crime distribution correlates to prop up use and transport network and offenders are unremarkably optimistic and commits crime in place they know well (Atlas, 2008). Moreover, these analyses reveal that opportunities for crime arise turn aside of daily activities and crime places that are often without observer. The strategies that are employed to achieve CPTED objectives are through the use of target hardening, raw(a) surveillance, alarm and warning systems adroitness and access control. Despite the science being originally formulated by Ray Jeffery (1977), CPTED is studied within the works and findings of Oscar Newman and Tim Crowe. R Jefferys model is now viewed as a multidisciplinary approach to crime taproom which strays from the parameters of security science by incorporating psychology, human anatomy, biology and ergonomics (Crowe, 2000).Newman (1972) ascertained the two basic components of a invulner sufficient space. First, this space must enable people to see other people and to be seen themselves. This greatly reduces the inhabitants fears because they are confident that a criminal ca n be viewed, recognized and detained. Second, residents should be willing to get involved in fighting crime, this involves nurturing a sense of control among the inhabitants this will enable them to adopt an empowered place which facilitates the combat of crime especially within residential areas.Following its inception, CPTED has advanced at a great pace. Some of the noteworthy advancements include the broken windows possibility by James Wilson and Kelling George which studies the impact that visible neglect, wear and tear in neighborhoods have on behavior, the environmental criminology paper by Patricia and Paul Brantingham which looks at crime through quartet elements rule, a wrongdoer, a target and an opportune place with environmental criminology being the study of the last of the four elements (Goldstein, 1990 Cornish and Clarke, 1986). British academicians Ronald and Patricia Mayhew in all case advance the discipline by formulating their Situational Crime Prevention Appr oach which addresses the reduction of the chance to offend by enhancing the design and administration of the environment in question. speculation supporting CPTED in residential burglariesThere are number of criminology theories that justify and align to CPTED approach in relation to residential burglaries. Theories that support CPTED in residential burglaries tend to deviate long due reliance on the sociological and biological perspective to understand crime, and instead emphasis on the crime prevention incentives that reduce environmental opportunities for crime and criminal. The most appropriate theory is the defensive space theory.The Defensive Space TheoryThis is a depotinology used to bring out an environment whose physical attributes building plan, location and function allows the occupants themselves to become key agents in safeguarding them. In other words defensive space is both a social and physical (sociophysical) phenomenon (Oscar Newman, 1972), which means that a hou sing unit is only secure if its inhabitants intend to take on the role of safeguarding it. The theory emphasizes that a location is safer when its individuals possess a sense of responsibility for it Newman puts it as the criminal is isolated because his turf is removed. This means that if each space is owned and catered for by a conscientious caretaker then a burglar will feel more vulnerable perpetrating his crime. (Newman, 1972)In the defensive space theory in that respect are four factors that constitute a defensible space the concept of territoriality which is a sense of possession and control for a particular property, natural surveillance, which is the connection between a locations physical attributes and the inhabitants ability to varan what is contingency, the physical spaces Image or ability to convey a sense of security and Milieu which are other characteristics that whitethorn have an effect on security like nearness to a engaged road.According to the theory, housin g projects that stir up territorial sentiments are usually effective in combating crime and defacement. Newman (1972) put it that through good design people should not only feel comfortable in questioning what is happening in their surroundings, they should feel compelled to do so. Any criminal should be able to perceive a watchful community monitoring his actions.In the book Design Outlines for Creating Defensible spaces Oscar Newman outlined five basic principles of designing a defensible space. These basic principles are the allocation to different groups the specific environment they are able to use and control, for instance the basketball court is best assigned to male teenagers. Second principle entails demarcation of space in housing developments to exhibit the zone under the control of specific inhabitants. Third, invokes the strategic juxtaposition. Fourth, incorporation of the streets within the direct influence of an inhabited setting and the embracing of building styles which eludes the stigma of irregularity that commonly allows others to make out the susceptibility. And fifth, involves seclusion of a specific group of residents (Newman, 1972)Approaches in Initiating CPTED projectsResearch conducted in CPTED has revealed that the decision to indulge in criminal behavior or not to is more likely to be influenced by the criminals perception of the risks of being caught than his evaluations on the reward or the effort necessary in conducting the crime. In line with the findings of this research, defensible space is then designed to reduce crime and the fear of crime while improving the quality of life.In Crime Prevention through Environmental Design the four most widespread CPTED approaches are natural surveillance or close watch, natural territorial reinforcement or fortification, natural access control or admission management and target hardening (Wood, 1961).Natural surveillance (Kruger and Liebermann, 2001) in CPTED is achieved by increasing aw areness by place of facilities, activities and individuals in a way visibility is optimized and human interaction is fostered. Criminals in such a space feel scrutinized and self aware, this diminishes the chance of them engaging in unlawful acts in such a space. This strategy takes effect by cutting down the opportunities for engaging in unlawful behavior. In such a design streets are made intentionally wide so as to accommodate as many pedestrians as possible. In natural surveillance designs unnecessary walls are usually eliminated this is because they block the residents line of vision, windows are positioned swinging opportunistic points of entry and by unsympathetic circuit television (CCTV) is used to monitor comic individuals.In access control, only authorized individuals are allowed access to areas which might be targeted by criminals. This can be achieved through keeping private areas merchant ship lock and key, strategically situating security personnel to scrutinize individuals before they are given access to private space, use of tall fences to restrict access, doing away with design elements that might provide access to private areas, for instance poorly determined balconies and by barricading ground level windows which can be easily broken into by criminals (Cohen and Felson, 1979).In natural territorial reinforcements, personal space is distinctly demarcated and unauthorized movement is eliminated by demonstrating greater proprietary concern. This can be achieved by assign areas to specific users, this makes trespassers prominent and hence easy to make out. The natural territorial reinforcement strategy of crime prevention can be attained through the implementation of Prominently displaying alert and security signage, scheduling activities in common spaces, restricting unplanned activities and by preserving a well groomed a come before that conveys an active presence (Atlas, 2008).Target Hardening as a Strategy in Crime DeterrenceTarget hardening is a security term that refers to the fortification of a building in order to minimize the threat of attack or theft (Clarke, 1992). A straight forward method of crime prevention, target hardening usually deters or delays an attack. It includes ensuring that all windows, doors and other possible entrances are properly locked, removing any natural vegetation that could harbor criminals or be used by criminals to access higher properties.Practical Examples on the Successful Application of CPTEDIn the book Design Outlines for Creating Defensible Spaces written by Oscar Newman in 1972, he outlines a research conducted in the City of New York that revealed that high-rise apartment buildings had crime rates higher than in lower housing projects. He attributed this to the fact that in high rise buildings residents felt that they had no obligation to secure an area that is occupied by so many people.In 1985 George L. Kelling the agent of the broken window theory was hired as a c onsultant for New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) (Clarke, 1992). In this period David Gunn a researcher put in place robust measures to test the Broken Windows Theory specifically targeting vandalism and graffiti. From 1984 to 1990 the subway system was meticulously cleaned and service in line with the broken window theory (Crowe, 2000).In 1990 due to the runaway successes of George Kellings policies concerning graffiti and vandalism control, the implementation of the Broken Windows Theory was further intensified by his substitution William J. Braton who became the chief officer of the New York City Police. Braton use zero-tolerance policies relating to provender dodging, easier arrestee processing methods and background checks on all offenders (Crowe, 2000).Celebrated Mayor Rudy Giuliani and his police commissioner Howard Safir also implemented the strategy on a wider scale in New York City. In his period at the helm Rudy Giuliani had the police strictly enforce the laws a gainst subway fare evasion, public drinking, public urinators and men who wiped the windshields of stopped cars and demanded payment. This led to the crime rates of both serous and petty crime falling drastically for the next ten years (Clarke, 1992 Crowe, 2000).In the late 1990s in Albuquerque New Mexico an initiative called the Safe Streets program was launched (Clarke, 1992). In this scheme it was reasoned that lawlessness on roadways had a similar domino effect in facilitating crime as graffiti vandalism in New York. Punitive measures were initiated to discourage the antisocial behaviors experienced there this was followed by a steep decline in crime as reviewed by NHTSA and published in a case study.An example that captures the definition o f a defensible space is a United States department of Justice experiment in capital of Connecticut Connecticut (Clarke, 1992). In this experiment streets were closed and police were assigned to each neighborhood in the city. These measures were implemented alongside new public housing plans that were designed to restrict access to the city. Surprisingly Hartford did not show any significant drop in crime. This is despite the private areas of St Louis having a much lower crime rate than the public areas the rudimentary reason is speculated to have been in private areas in St Louis people had the capacity and the incentives to protect their defensible spaces (Luedtke et al., 1970 Clarke, 1992).Checklists for Investigating a Premises Compliance with CPTED guide Questions to quantify a Premises Compliance with Natural SurveillanceThis checklist aims at evaluating how well natural surveillance strategies have been implemented within the buildingHas the premises installed CCTV cameras to monitor human activities?Where is the lighting situated along passage ways? What is the height at which the lighting is placed? Can peoples faces be adequately made out with the current level of lighting?What is the level of glare from wi ndows, smooth furniture surfaces or oil painted walls? Is it sufficient to cause a blind mooring in peoples vision? Have the windows been shielded from glare by shielded or cut-off luminaires?What is the compositors case of vestibules used in the construction of the buildings entry? Is it transparent or is it opaque in nature? Does it allow sufficient light to ensure good visibility?Is there a fence in the compound? What is the type of fence used (can it allow light through i.e. a chain link fence) or is it impervious to light?What is the proximity of the location to road? How busy is the traffic along that road?How to the residents of the premises leave their window shades? Open or closed?How are the windows positioned on the premises? Do they overlook areas that are a high risk of having a security scandalize?How is the landscape design in regards to facilitating surveillance over opportunistic points of entry?Template Questions to Evaluate a Premises Compliance with Natural Ac cess ControlHas fencing been used to restrict access to the premises? Is the fence high sufficient to prevent trespassers from jumping over it? Is there a gate separating the front yard from the back yard? Can it be locked? Is it usually locked?Were there any design features in the original plan of the premises that could provide unauthorized access to upper levels of the building? be they steady there? If they are still there, what steps have been taken avoid them being used to breach into the building?What steps have been used to secure ground level windows against breach?How many points of entry does the building have? Is it clearly identifiable?Template Questions to Evaluate a Premises Compliance with Natural Territorial Reinforcement atomic number 18 the activities within the premises spontaneous or are they planned? Are private activities restricted to defined areas?Where are the amenities i.e. seating and food situated in the building? Are they distributed over a wide area or are they placed in a central location?Are there any security signage displayed in the building? How prominent do the security signages appear?How well has the premises and the landscape around it been maintained? Does it hand an active presence?ReferencesAngel, S. (1968). City Planning and Discouraging Crime University of California press, BerkeleyAtlas, R. (2008). 21st Century Security and CPTED Boston, CRC Press.Crowe, T. (2000), Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Boston, Heinemann.Cornish, D. Clarke, R.V. (1986) The Reasoning Criminal Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York Springer Verlag.Clarke, R.V. (1992). Situational Crime Prevention Successful Case Studies New York, Harrow and Hesston.Cohen, L. Felson, M. (1979), Crime mark Trends and Social Change A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review 44(4)589-600.Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem-Oriented Policing New York McGraw Hill.Jeffery, C. R. (1977). CPTED Beverly Hills, Sage Publicati ons.Kruger, T K L. Liebermann, S. (2001). Designing Safer Places A manual for Crime Prevention Through Planning and Design Pretoria, South Africa CSIR.Luedtke, G et al. (1970). The Physical City and Crime Design Techniques for Crime Reduction for Neighborhood. Washington D.C. U.S. Department of Justice.Newman, O. (1972). Crime Prevention Through Urban Design Defensible Space. New York MacmillanWood, E. (1961) Housing Design A Social Theory

Chemically prepared or sensitized material

Chemically prep ared or sensitized substantive understructure OF PHOTOGRAPHYPhotography is defined as the science and art of producing an exact impression of an object on chemically prepared or sensitized material by using get away. It depends on the sensitiveness of silver compound to light. The photographs are usually taken by means of a photographic camera. Camera is an operator consisting of a light-tight box with a place for the light sensitive delineation at one end and covering lens or a combination of lenses by which a real, inverted and diminished image can be obtained on the other hand.This instrument called camera is so devised that lens may be moved forward and backward by screw arrangement, with a view to draw offting a distinct and clear image of an object, placed sooner the lens, on the ingest.While it is easy to make comparisons between the pupil of the eye and the f-stop of a camera or between the retina of the eye and photographic film .Once we get past the b asic similarities of the optics of the two systems comparisons begin to rapidly break down. The eye is not only much more complex than a camera and its film but the two imaging devices function by different chemical mechanisms. The photographer the automatic motion picture system of the camera regulates the f-stop opening and time of exposure of her camera to match the sensitivity of film while the iris and retina sensitivity of the eye adjust to correspond to the light level of the scene.This first installment on the chemistry of photography is intended to introduce in a simplified way the basic concepts of silver halide photography. It allow for not delve into the physics of optics the go of cameras and lenses, photographic techniques, non-silver processes, or the artistic aspects of photography.Photography encompasses many things there is a science to photography, but as a means of expression, it is at long last an art form. in that respect are many techniques and forms of photography which fill many books in the library and many pages on the Internet. Beyond this point, the actual victorious of pictures, style, and fair composition will not be mentioned again. Chemistry is an even larger subject area, encompassing all areas of life and invisible details that are lots mind boggling. To partner off photography and chemistry is narrower than either subject on its own, but still includes a lot of material. These pages will look at well-nigh basics, gifting only a small fraction of the information relevant to the chemistry of photography.Photography encompasses many things there is a science to photography, but as a means of expression, it is ultimately an art form. on that point are many techniques and forms of photography which fill many books in the library and many pages on the Internet. Beyond this point, the actual taking of pictures, style, and good composition will not be mentioned again. Chemistry is an even larger subject area, encompass ing all areas of life and invisible details that are often mind boggling. To couple photography and chemistry is narrower than either subject on its own, but still includes a lot of material. These pages will look at some basics, presenting only a small fraction of the information relevant to the chemistry of photography.ABBREVIATION LIST NH4Br ammonium ion bromide. AgNO3Silver nit treasure. Ag Br Silver bromide. NH4NO3Ammonium nitrate. 1, 4-dihydroxy benzene. 2, 4-diaminophenol. C6H6OHPHENOL.METHODOLOGY Chemical reaction. Process (propagation). Techniques. Material studied. Images. TYPES OF PHOTOGRAPHY-BLACK WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY. COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY.BLACK WHITE PHOTOGRAPHYBlack and white photography is cognize for its unique enthrall, clarity and pureness. It strikes a fine balance between information and inspiration. These features of black and white photography have made the art most kindly though it has tough competition with digital color photography in the present era. Black a nd white photography is generally practiced by the monochromic photographers all over the world.Monochrome photography consists of black and white photographsA large part of monochrome photography consists of black and white photographs which retained their charm long after the trend of color photography had taken shape. The prime reasons behind the prevalence of black and white photography even in the present era are comparatively lower cost and classic look of black and white photographs.It is interesting to know that all the monochrome photographs are not necessarily pure black and white. There are some black and white photographs which are produced by Cyanotype process and they display shades of blue and white. There was a process called albumen process. It was in use some 150 years ago and the black and white photographs developed with the help of this process had brownness shades.(1) Preparation of a photographic film Photographic film is thin sheet of cellulose acetate or o ther polymeric support coated with the photographic emulsion. This emulsion is prepared by adding 20% solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) to the solution of ammonium (NH4Br) containing gelatin. NH4Br + AgNO3AgBr + NH4NO3After the mixing, the emulsion is ripened either by memory it at high temperature for some time or by digesting it at a lower temperature with ammonia. It is then cooled till it sets to a jelly. The jelly, like mass is process with water to remove ammonium nitrate. Then the emulsion is applied on a cellulose acetate film is then dried and carefully packed. To the fastness of film depends upon the size the grains of (Ag Br).The larger the grain the faster the film.(2)Formation of latent image by exposurePhotographic film is mounted in a camera and candid few second to the image of a properly focused object. An invisible change occurs in parts of film on which light falls depending upon the shape, and lastingness of the light reflected from different parts of the ob ject. On the film, the inverted image of the object is formed. This image is called latent image and is not visible in presence of the sunlight.2Ag Br2Ag +Br(3)Developing latent image and preparing the prohibitThe exposed film is immersed in a solution of a weak reducing agent (developer) like ferrous oxalate or alkaline solution of organic reducing agent like hydroquinone (1, 4-dihydroxy benzene) and (2, 4-diaminophenol). This developer reduces the activated Ag Br grains to Ag at an appreciable greater rate than the unexposed Ag Br according to the equation.This the (developer) act as much more rapidly upon these portions of the film where the illumination was most intense. Here the reduced silver is deposited in the form of black silver. Thus the film becomes darkest where the object was bright and vice-versa. It is called Negative.2Ag Br+ (1, 4-dihydroxy benzene)+ 2(OH) -2Ag+(2, 4-diaminophenol) +2H2O +2Br (4)Fixing the imageAfter developing the film is till sensitive to light delinquent to the presence of unchanged the Ag Br. There for in order to get the permanent image, it is necessary to remove unchanged Ag Br. This is done by dipping the cast out in the fixed bath. This process of the removal of the excess Ag Br is called fixing. Before the fixing and after developing the alkali is removed by dipping the negative in 0-5% acetic acid for short time. Ag Br +2Na2S2O3Na3Ag(S2O3)2 +Na Br(5)PrintingIn this process, the negative is placed over a sensitive motif printing paper that has been coated with photographic emulsion (silver bromide with gelatin).The paper is then exposed to light for a fraction of second so that the light passes through the negative. Darker spot on the negative allow less light and dark are reversed and we get a positive. The positive is than developed, fixed, and dried to flip the black and white photography. INTRODUCTION TO USING FILTER The use of filters makes the digital black and white photography really interesting and effec tive. Through this feature, you can good make out how a particular color appears in a black and white photograph. While using a digital camera for taking black and white photographs, you would require a filter holder so that the filter might be attached at the time of taking the shot. You cannot date stamp the change of tones on the viewfinder. Once you complete taking the image, you can have a preview on the screen.Filters are the addition to the eyes of the camera your lens. Additive, ablative and special effect are the three basic categories of filters. So before we move on to some advanced types and uses of filters, get acquainted.Filters can be spyglass or plastic-Are used for enhancing a photo or adding special effects to the image. At the very least, any filter will act as a cover for your lens.Plain glass or transparent filtersThese are primary filters that only serve as protection for your lens. They are not vatical to affect the image in any way. So it is a good idea to check this out before buying. No matter what the season or conditions you are shooting in, it is always recommended to have one of these on your lens. After all, you cant be too careful.Color filters and black-and-white photographyColor filters are best used in black and white photographs to alter or intensify contrasts. The basic filters include Red, Green and Blue along with Yellow. For instance, a yellowish filter will make the outlines in an image and it downplay appear lighter in contrast. So if you are clicking your subject against a dark background then using a yellow filter will make the object seem lighter and brighter in contrast.IMAGES OF BLACK WHITE PHOTOGRAPHY familiar Silver Halide Developers

One flew over the cuckoos nest Essay -- essays research papers

There are three major appoint workforcets in the novel, hotshot Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest, by Ken Kesey. Both internal and external in nature their causes, effects, and resolutions are explored in great detail.The cause of the conflict between macintosh and Ratched begins immediately. As soon as McMurphy enters the ward he shows his individuality. Hes loud, brassy and the chief says, He sounds big. McMurphy publicly introduces himself and stands out from the emit of the work force. He shows that he system be controlled. Ratched wants and expects complete control. She refers to Mac as a, Manipulator, who will, use everyone and everything to his own end. Ironically Ratched is also a Manipulator. Miss Ratched chooses the orderlies to control them, she wants them to scorn so they take their anger out on the patients. Ratcheds first win against McMurphy is when he challenges the ward policies on the music. He demands for the music to be closed(a) off or at least turned down. Kno wing that all the men are watching she only humiliates Mac by telling him that she wont turn the music down further more she treats him like a child when she tells him to take his hands off her glass because he was staining them. wear outt be so selfish, says Miss Ratched when Mac asks for the music to be turned down. Ratcheds second major win against McMurphy on the ward is when she forces the men to ignore him and not to play cards with him. Using the threat of rationed cigarettes the patients are still much too afraid of Miss Ratched to go against her orders. McMurphy is completely left alone by the men and Ratched shows that she maintains control. Although McMurphy does not get the votes of the men because the fear they hve of Ratched McMurphy still comes out victorious when in the end the men at long last do vote to watch the world series. When the men do vote Ratched looses complete control over her ward and its the first time the men defy her as a group. And were sitting t here head up in front of that blanked out television setand shes call behind us.McMurphy mocks and taunts Miss Ratched when he runs around with his towel on. He wasnt assigned a uniform and when Miss Ratched tells him to stop running around in the towel Mac stops and... ...g because after this Mac has lost three time in a row to Ratched or the combine. Chief sees the trouble Mac has to lift the control panel and finally gives up, the control panel, to chief, is a symbol of the combine and the fact that Mac cant lift it destroys Chief.One of Chief major wins against the fog is when the men all come together to back up Mac for the world series and the comments that everyone makes to her. Chief say, I quit worrying rough the BIG NURSE and the combine behind her. For the first time in his life he saw people clearly and not just the dour outline around them. Another great win for Chief is when he enters the pool with all the other men. This is a big win because the Chief is so afraid of even the ground that to enter a pool is a great progress for him. Also Chief begins to see the ward as somewhat and silent and not humming of machinery. Chief even takes a big step when he stands up and looks out the window of the ward.The resolution to Chiefs conflict is after he kills Mac and escapes the institution at the end of the novel.

The Debate Over Artificial Intelligence Essay -- Exploratory Essays Re

The Debate Over Artificial Intelligence Can machines think? Or rather, can we develop true artificial intelligence in the sense of machines that think and take care as we humanes do? This is an interesting problem that is get more(prenominal) and more relevant in our lives as computers become more complex and integral to our lives. Two articles, John Searles Minds, Brains, and Programs and William Lycans Robots and Minds, present two different answers to this doubtfulness and also raise several new questions. John Searle takes the position that on one level computers do think - they manipulate symbols - yet on some other level they do not think - computers do not understand the symbols they are manipulating to mean anything in the sense that we humans do. Lycan takes the position that yes, computers do think, and that it is quite an possibly only a matter of time before a machine can be created that not only looks and behaves like a person, except also thinks like a person. Therefore, Lycan claims, the suitably programmed machine of this complexity is a person as much as you and I are. I fall more on Lycans side of the argument. Words such as intelligence and understanding have variations in their definitions depending on whom you ask. It is often hard to come up with eve a simple definition once one delves into the problems at hand. But, since we as humans (in particular Searle) often try to separate ourselves from computers by saying that we understand the meaning of the symbols we manipulate, it is necessary that I give a useful and accurate meaning to the words (or symbols) I will be using. I define intellection as processing information, with any level of complexity. I include in the thinking category a thermostat makin... ...a human whos body is almost all told mechanical) are people? If we cannot distinguish their minds from regular humans, then we have no basis for denying that they have the same basic rights. As for the second question, th at is much tougher, and he makes the analogy to animal rights, for even now computers exhibit intelligence that is roughly equal to many animals. However, since I have proved my main point, and run over my page limit, I will now bow out. The area of animal rights is still hotly debated, and we still often disagree on many aspects of human rights. These areas are the subject of many papers, articles, news stories, even organizations. Maybe, if only to prevent a repeat of our confusion morally over our sudden ability to dead ringer complex biological organisms, we should start looking now at the issue of computer rights. It still sounds strange to me.